One of the most popular – and least understood fish – that anglers pursue on California’s Central Valley rivers in the spring is the American shad, an anadromous member of the herring family that returns from the ocean to spawn every year.
My favorite place to fish for them is the lower American River, where fishing for them was just as popular when I started fishing for them in high school as it is now. Shad are known for the great fights that they provide on light spinning and fly tackle, as well as for the fine tablefare they offer when smoked, pickled or baked.
On my latest venture to the river this spring, a crowd of 50 people was fishing in the Harrington Access area in Carmichael. Most reported some success, although some complained about the bite being slower than it had been. Most of the fish were small males from 13 to 16 inches long, with a few larger fish mixed in.
Sergey Voznyuk of Sacramento reported catching 9 shad in two hours of fishing while drift fishing with a 1/32 ounce pink jig head with a chartreuse grubtail, weighed down with a ¼ oz. split shot.
Kjell Nyoth also caught 4 fish while using grubs on spinning gear. The biggest fish brought in by any other the anglers weighed around 2-1/2 pounds.
This has been a good year to date on the lower American, due to the heavy flows on the river all winter and spring. Releases from Nimbus Dam at press time were 9,500 cfs.
American shad, rather than going back to their specific tributary rivers like salmon and steelhead tend to do, go concentrate on where the flows in the river system are the highest. When flows are high on the American, you can expect a significant number of fish, including those spawned on the Sacramento and Feather, to make a right turn into the river at Discovery Park.
American shad, like striped bass, are a native to the Eastern Seaboard. Shad were first introduced to the West Coast from the Hudson River in New York in 1871. After shipment across the country in 8-gallon milk cans, the California Fish Commission released about ten thousand shad from the Hudson River into the Sacramento River. (http://fishbull.noaa.gov/1094/1094pearcy.pdf)
The fish naturally occurs on the Atlantic Coast from the Sand Hill River in Labrador to the St. Johns River in Florida. By 1891, the fish had expanded its range on the West Coast as far as Alaska. (https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=491)
Since then, the feisty herring have migrated from saltwater every year to spawn in the American and other Central Valley rivers. In addition to the Sacramento and San Joaquin River systems, shad migrate into the Russian, Klamath, Trinity and other rivers.
Few studies have been conducted in California on shad populations, although studies have been conducted on them in other states where they are found. One thing that is known is their numbers have declined since the beginning of state and federal water exports from the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta in 1967.
The annual California Department of Fish and Wildlife mid water trawl survey, where the young-of-the-year shad and other fish species are surveyed at a numbers of locations throughout the estuary, has shown a 97.7 percent overall shad decline from 1967 through 2015, according to Bill Jennings, Executive Director of the California Sportfishing Protection Alliance.
The decline of shad occurs in the context of the overall collapse of Delta fish populations, due to the massive export of water by state and federal water pumping facilities on the Delta. From 1967 through 2015, populations of striped bass, Delta smelt, longfin smelt, splittail and threadfin shad also declined by 99.7, 98.3, 99.9, 98.5 and 93.7 percent, respectively, according to Jennings.
On a positive note, the abundance index – a relative measure of abundance – for American shad, rose from 79 in 2015 to 313 in 2016, the highest number surveyed since 2012. The CDFW collected 249 shad at their index stations in the fall of 2016.
The Central Valley Project Improvement Act (CVPIA) of 1992 directed the Secretary of Interior to double the naturally spawning populations of all anadromous species, including salmon, steelhead, sturgeon, American shad and striped bass, by 2002. Of course like many laws protecting fish in California, this law has been very poorly implemented.
While they are most common in the spring, adult shad can be seen or caught in the American at times anglers don’t target them. The peak time in the American is from early May to the July 4th weekend, but they can be found in the river both earlier and later in the year.
This point became clear in early March of 1968, when a friend and I went steelhead fishing at Ancil Hoffman Park. We saw the guy right next to catch three shad on three consecutive casts while he retrieved a spinner for steelhead.
On another day many years later, former fishing guide Barry Watson observed a large school of shad in Nimbus Basin in January.
The most recent shad-specific study I’m aware of was conducted by then CDFW fishery biologist Frank Fisher in 1979. He remarked that they trapped shad in different life stages moving through the Delta throughout the period of the study.
An earlier gill net and trawl survey from September 1963 through August 1963 by Don Stevens of the CDFW concluded that shad were abundant in the Delta only during their spawning migration. (http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=kt8h4nb2t8;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=d0e2586&toc.id=0&brand=calisphere)
“The Sacramento and Mokelumne River systems supported larger runs than the San Joaquin River,” said Stevens. “There is evidence that while most shad spawned far upstream, some spawned in several areas in the Delta itself The catch and gonad maturation data suggest that a large percentage of the adults die shortly after spawning, although there is also evidence that some spent shad do migrate seaward.”
Not only are shad caught at times in the winter or early spring by surprised anglers, but anglers will also hook spawned-out shad on the American as late as October. The late Randy Buffington, fishing guide, would report catching shad in August and September, months after the peak season was over. Salmon anglers will also hook them occasionally on spinners in September and October.
Little is known about their migrations at sea in California waters, though NOAA Fisheries has observed, from the capture of migrating shad at sea, that shad on the West Coast are a coastal fish that stays near the continental shelf.
“Their life at sea is poorly understood but their ability to return to their original spawning ground is known to be exceptional,” according to UC Davis. “In the fall, mature shad (3-4 years old for males and 4-5 years old for females) return to estuaries where their bodies transition to the fresh water environment.” (http://calfish.ucdavis.edu/species/?uid=4&ds=241)
There is no doubt that shad are a unique fish that provide exciting action for shore anglers and boaters using darts, jigs and flies on the American and other rivers in the spring.
Lower American River Facts
Location: The 23 miles of the American River from Nimbus Dam to its junction to the mouth are located in the heart of the Sacramento metropolitan area. The entire river is accessible to bank anglers and boaters, since it is located in the beautiful American River Parkway. The parkway is located in a protected greenbelt that cuts Sacramento County in half. It features a paved bicycle and running trail, many rest areas and access from most neighborhoods adjacent to the river parkway.
Fishing Season: The section from Discovery Park to the SMUD powerline at the Southwest Boundary of Ancil Hoffman Park, is open year round to fishing for all except for salmon. The river above the SMUD powerline to the Hazel Avenue Bridge is open to fishing to steelhead and other fishing other than salmon from January 1 through October 31.
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The salmon fishing season is set at the Fish and Game Commission meeting every spring. The salmon season in 2017 runs runs from July 16 to December 31 except for the small section of river from the Jibboom Street Bridge to the mouth that closed on December 16. Review the California Fresh Water Sport Fishing Regulations Booklet for bag and possession limits, hook restrictions and additional restrictions:
Day Use: The entrance fee for vehicles under 22 feet in length is $5.00, except on summer holiday weekends when the fee is $8.00. The fee for trailer or vehicle 22 or more feet in length is $10.00 except for summer holiday weekends when the fee is $13.00.
Annual Fees: Vehicle (private or commercial – $50.00
Motorized watercraft and trailer plus vehicle pass – $100.00.
Boat launching: Concrete boat ramps are available at Discovery Park, Howe Avenue, Watt Avenue and Sunrise. Unimproved gravel launching is available at Gristmill, Ancil Hoffman, Rossmoor and other areas on the river. The fee for non-motorized watercraft is $3 (plus vehicle fee) and the fee for motorized watercraft is $5 (plus vehicle fee).
Park information: www.sacparks.net, Sacramento County Department of Regional Parks, Recreation and Open Space Administration, 3711 Branch Center Rod, Sacramento, CA. 95827. For General Parks, Golf and Rangers Information, call (916) 875-6961.
Fishing Information: Fisherman’s Warehouse, Sacramento, (916) 362-1200; Elkhorn Outdoor Sports, Rio Linda, (916) 991-5298; Broadway Bait Rod & Gun, Sacramento, (916) 448-6338, Sacramento Pro Tackle, (916) 925-0529.
